Blog

As someone passionate about the well-being of dogs, mainly German Shepherds, I’ve observed that they can face various mobility challenges as they enter their older years. German Shepherd health problems with back legs are especially prevalent in this breed and warrant extra attention and care. As these majestic animals age, the wear and tear on their joints can significantly affect their ability to perform routine daily activities. This can lead to changes in their mood and appetite, ultimately impacting their overall quality of life. In this article, we’ll dive deeper into the typical back leg problems that plague German Shepherds and offer ways for owners to help manage their faithful companion’s condition. Why are German Shepherds’ back legs prone to problems? One of the most heartbreaking German Shepherd’s health problems and leg conditions is degenerative myelopathy, a progressive spinal cord issue that affects older dogs. This disease can strip a German Shepherd of its hind leg function, often manifesting as weakness in the back legs that can worsen to the point where the dog can’t walk.  Alongside degenerative myelopathy, hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis are also prevalent, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. These joint conditions are why a properly balanced diet and exercise are pivotal in managing a German Shepherd’s back leg health. Additionally, massage can be a therapeutic way to relieve fatigue and pain, comforting our noble companions when they suffer from these common problems. Are these diseases particularly prevalent in German Shepherds with health problems with their back legs? Disease Description Common Symptoms Treatment Options Hip Dysplasia genetic condition causing improper hip joint formation, leading to arthritis. Limping, difficulty rising, and reluctance to run or jump. Weight management, anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, and surgery in severe cases. Degenerative Myelopathy A progressive spinal cord disease leading to paralysis of the back legs. Weakness in the back legs, difficulty walking, paralysis. There is no cure, but supportive care can help maintain a good quality of life. Panosteitis inflammation of the long bones in the legs, known as “growing pains.” Limping, pain when touching the affected leg. Pain management typically resolves as the dog matures. Cauda Equina Syndrome It affects the nerve roots near the tail end of the spinal cord, causing pain and difficulty in movement. Pain, lameness, and difficulty standing or walking. Anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, and surgery in severe cases. Cruciate Ligament Tear Tear in one of the knee joint’s ligaments, leading to lameness and pain. Sudden lameness in one leg, swelling around the knee. Rest, anti-inflammatory medications, and surgery, depending on severity. German Shepherds are distinctively recognized for their firm, muscular construct, and iconic stance, wherein their hind legs seem more bent than the ones of an ordinary dog. This isn’t merely a beauty distinction but a trait deliberately bred into them, precisely due to breed requirements set with the aid of companies and the American Kennel Club (AKC). The requirements prefer a steeper angulation inside the hindquarters, with a few dogs showing nearly a 90-degree bend at the hock. While this particular angulation contributed to the breed’s powerful gait and became traditionally valued for operating roles, it can cause multiplied wear and tear on the joints. This structure makes German Shepherds vulnerable to critical leg troubles as they age. Studies have shown that German Shepherds are 5 times more likely to expand hip dysplasia than breeds like Labradors, Rottweilers, and Golden Retrievers due to the steeper perspective in their hocks, which places extra strain at the knee because it connects with the ground. Through the years, this stress can exacerbate joint problems, leading to aches and other hind leg complications. Degenerative Myelopathy Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a debilitating neurological disease that is unfortunately quite common in German Shepherds. It typically occurs in older dogs, often around eight years of age, although it can sometimes emerge at a younger age. An estimated 2% of German Shepherds are affected by DM, a condition characterized by a gradual loss of control over their hind legs.  As the disease progresses, affected dogs may also lose urinary and bowel functions and eventually develop paralysis. I’m sorry, I didn’t understand what you meant. You repeated the exact text you asked me to rewrite earlier. Please provide me with more context or information so that I can assist you better. There, owners can take steps to reduce their GSD’s suffering as the condition advances.  Treatment options are primarily aimed at maintaining quality of life. Under vet supervision, regular exercise can help preserve muscle strength and mobility for as long as possible. Unfortunately, most dogs with DM will lose function within six months to two years following their diagnosis. Owners must work closely with their veterinarians to provide their dogs with the care and support they need during this challenging time. Hip Dysplasia Hip dysplasia is a concerning joint disease that often besieges German Shepherds, particularly affecting their back legs. In a fit and healthy dog, the hip joint ball glides smoothly within the socket. However, this ball and socket do not fit snugly for those with hip dysplasia, causing the bone to rub and grind rather than slide smoothly. This can result in the joint wearing down over time, leading to pain and difficulty in movement. Owners might notice telltale signs such as a wobbly gait, lameness or limping, and a decreased range of motion when the dog is walking. The common causes of hip dysplasia are multifold, often rooted in genetics, but can also be aggravated by leg trauma and certain environmental factors. Treatment options vary depending on the dog’s age and the severity of the joint misalignment. In extreme cases, the dog may lose function in the affected leg and require a wheelchair for support. Interventions aim to lessen the pressure on the hips and make walking, running, and playing more accessible for the German Shepherd. This can include controlled exercise, weight management, anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, and surgical correction in some severe cases. Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is a progressive … Read more

The German Shepherd and Great Dane mix, often called a “Great Shepherd,” is a unique and impressive crossbreed. This hybrid combines the intelligence and loyalty of the German Shepherd with the size and gentle nature of the Great Dane.  Typically, a Great Shepherd inherits both parent breeds’ robust and muscular build, often leaning towards the larger size due to the Great Dane’s influence. Their coat can vary, reflecting either the Great Dane’s short hair or the German Shepherd’s denser coat, and comes in various colors and patterns. These dogs are known for their protective yet friendly demeanor. They usually make excellent family pets and are good with children, thanks to their patient and affectionate nature. However, their size and strength make early training and socialization crucial to ensuring they are well-behaved and manageable. They are also quite active and require regular exercise to keep them healthy and happy. The Great Shepherd can be prone to some health issues common to its parent breeds, such as hip dysplasia and bloat. Regular veterinary check-ups and a healthy diet are essential for maintaining their well-being. The German Shepherd and Great Dane mix is a remarkable and loyal companion, suitable for families looking for a large, active, and loving dog. German Shepherd and Great Dane mix dogs. The German Shepherd and Great Dane mix, commonly known as the Great Shepherd, is a hybrid dog breed that combines the best traits of its parent breeds: the intelligence and loyalty of the German Shepherd and the size and gentleness of the Great Dane. This mix results in a large, powerful dog with a commanding presence and a heart full of affection. Dogs like these require regular exercise to stay healthy and happy. Energy-exhausting households suit them best. In terms of health, they may inherit some common issues from their parent breeds, like hip dysplasia and bloat, so regular veterinary care and a proper diet are vital. The German Shepherd and Great Dane mix is ideal for families seeking a large, intelligent, loyal pet. Their impressive size and friendly demeanor make them popular for those wanting a protective yet loving companion. A Great Shepherd can be an excellent addition to any home with the proper care and training. Parent Background Please look at the distinctive qualities of combining two breeds to create a German Shepherd/Great Dane mix, making it a truly unique and remarkable breed. The German Shepherd The German Shepherd, known for its intelligence, loyalty, and versatility, has a fascinating parent background deeply rooted in Germany. This breed’s history dates back to the late 19th century, when Captain Max von Stephanitz, a German cavalry officer, embarked on a mission to develop the ideal herding and working dog. His vision was to create a breed with the perfect combination of intelligence, strength, and trainability for various tasks. Captain von Stephanitz achieved this goal by selectively breeding working dogs with the desired traits. He started with local herding dogs from Germany, primarily the Thuringian, Württemberg, Bavarian sheepdogs, and other regional breeds. These dogs formed the foundation for developing the German Shepherd we know today. The Great The Great Dane, often known as the “gentle giant,” possesses a diverse and intriguing parent background that has shaped its unique traits. Contrary to its name, this breed’s origins are not exclusively Danish but can be traced back to ancient Greece and Egypt, where they were utilized as hunting and guard dogs.  The breed’s development and refinement occurred in Europe during the Middle Ages, with European nobility playing a pivotal role in its evolution. The infusion of mastiff bloodlines and selective breeding practices contributed to the Great Dane’s impressive stature, gentle temperament, and distinctive appearance. This breed’s rich and complex parent background highlights its enduring appeal as a remarkable and beloved canine companion. Why is it a good mix? The German Shepherd and Great Dane mix is a unique canine hybrid that combines two distinct breeds, each with its characteristics and qualities. This mix offers a combination of traits that can make it an excellent choice for the right owner. However, it’s important to note that this mix can also be significant and energetic, requiring ample space, exercise, and proper training to ensure a well-adjusted and happy pet. Overall, the German Shepherd and Great Dane mix can be an excellent choice for those who appreciate the qualities of both breeds and are prepared to provide the care and attention such a unique hybrid deserves. Physical Appearance of the Great Dane German Shepherd Mix The physical appearance of the Great Dane German Shepherd Mix is a combination that can result in a truly striking and impressive dog. This hybrid typically inherits characteristics from both parent breeds, creating a unique and eye-catching appearance. Here’s a brief overview in tabular form: Table  Feature Description Size were almond-shaped, with colors ranging from dark brown to lighter hues, expressing a keen and alert demeanor. Weight They can weigh between 65 and 130 pounds, with some males exceeding this range due to the Great Dane’s large size. Body Shape Muscular and athletic, reflecting a blend of both breeds’ physical prowess. They possess a sturdy frame, a broad chest, and strong legs. Coat Type Common colors include black, brown, tan, cream, and the German Shepherd’s distinctive black and tan markings. Coat Color were almond-shaped, with colors ranging from dark brown to lighter hues, expressing a keen and alert demeanour. Head Shape The head may resemble either breed but often has a long, narrow shape with a pronounced muzzle, reflecting their mixed heritage. Eyes were almond-shaped, with colors ranging from dark brown to lighter hues, expressing a keen and alert demeanor. Ears can be medium-sized, erected like a German Shepherd, or folded like a Great Dane. Tail Long and tapering, capable of wagging energetically or hanging down when the dog rests. Lifespan Typically, they have a lifespan of 8 to 12 years, depending on health and genetic factors. Temperament is known for being affectionate, loyal, and protective. They can … Read more

As a devoted German Shepherd owner, seeing my majestic dog’s hair scattered around the house raised concern and prompted the question, “Why is my German Shepherd losing hair?” It’s usual to find some degree of shedding; German Shepherds are known for their copious amounts of it. However, when the shedding seems excessive, it’s essential to consider if there could be an underlying issue that needs addressing. This blog post explores the different aspects of German Shepherd hair loss, helping you distinguish between normal shedding and a potential problem that may require a vet’s attention. As we delve deeper, we’ll discuss customary causes, treatment options, and preventative measures to ensure your companion’s coat remains healthy, thick, and lustrous. I aim to give you the knowledge and tools to keep your German Shepherd in peak condition. It’s reassuring to know that hair loss can be part of a natural life cycle, but it’s also vital to have a comprehensive guide to tackle any hair loss issues you may face with your canine companion. Why is my German Shepherd losing hair? Shedding in German Shepherds is usually a natural technique prompted by several elements, including weather adjustments, nutrition, and universal health. These dogs are sometimes jokingly called “German Shedders” in the canine world due to their noticeable shedding rate. German Shepherds have a double coat, consisting of a dense undercoat and a harsh outer coat, both of which get renewed through the shedding cycle. Normal shedding is typically seen with seasonal changes as the dog adapts its coat to regulate body temperature. However, hair loss that deviates from ordinary shedding should raise concerns about underlying issues such as allergies, parasites, or skin disorders. Understanding this distinction is crucial to maintaining the well-being of these beloved dogs, allowing for timely intervention should their shedding indicate a more significant health problem. What is the purpose of German Shepherd’s Hair Loss? Shedding in dogs is an entirely natural process, integral to maintaining a pet’s coat in optimal condition. For creatures like the German Shepherd, it involves the removal of antique or broken hair and is influenced by environmental factors, daylight, and converting seasons. During the colder months, these dogs grow a thick coat, which provides additional warmth. As the climate transitions into warmer months, the heavy fur is shed to help keep the animal calm. Beyond temperature control, regular shedding is also beneficial for the health of a dog’s coat, as it helps remove hair that may be matted with dirt, parasites, or other skin irritants.  Understanding the reasons behind shedding allows pet owners to care for their dogs better, ensuring the fur remains healthy and the skin beneath is well-protected. It’s a cyclical routine that must be managed with regular grooming, which keeps the coat in good shape and strengthens the bond between the pet and the owner. The benefits of managing a German shepherd that is losing hair  Properly managing your German Shepherd’s hair loss is about keeping your home free of fur and ensuring your dog’s happiness and health. Here’s how regular grooming and attention to shedding can be beneficial: Reduces Indoor Nuisance: Frequent brushing helps contain the GSD’s shedding to manageable levels, keeping your home cleaner and reducing the amount of airborne hair that could contribute to allergies. Strengthens Your Bond: Grooming sessions can be a fun and rewarding way to spend quality time with your dog, maintaining your emotional connection. Promotes Skin and Fur Health: Regular brushing distributes natural oils across your dog’s skin and fur, preventing new bumps, dandruff, or sores from developing due to dry skin. Early Detection of Problems: By routinely brushing your GSD, you can quickly identify any unusual signs, such as parasites, hot spots, or scratches, that may require veterinary attention. Comfort for Your Dog: Adequate grooming ensures your German Shepherd doesn’t suffer from heavy shedding, hot spots, or matting, contributing to a happier, more comfortable pet. Here are 10 of the most common reasons why German Shepherd’s Hair Loss Natural Shedding Process: The most common and natural cause of hair loss is the shedding process, which is typical for the breed and associated with seasonal changes. Poor Nutrition: A diet lacking essential nutrients can lead to poor coat quality and excessive hair loss. Ensuring a balanced diet is crucial for maintaining a healthy body. Allergies: Like humans, German Shepherds can suffer from allergies to food, environmental factors, or topical irritants, leading to itchy skin and hair loss. Parasitic Infections: Parasites such as fleas and mites can cause hair loss due to itching and scratching as the dog tries to relieve discomfort. Dermatitis: Skin inflammations or dermatitis can also result in patches of hair loss due to various triggers, including allergic reactions or direct skin irritation. Hormonal Imbalance: Imbalances in hormones, such as those caused by thyroid issues or Cushing’s disease, can disrupt the hair growth cycle, leading to hair loss. Bacterial or Fungal Infections: Infections like ringworm or bacterial skin infections can create lesions that result in hair loss. Genetic Conditions: Some German Shepherds may inherit genetic predispositions that can affect their hair and skin health, leading to abnormal shedding. Stress or Anxiety: Changes in the dog’s environment or routine can lead to stress-related hair loss, often accompanying other behavioral changes. Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions where the immune system assaults the body’s cells can cause hair loss and need to be identified by a veterinarian for an appropriate remedy. Causes of Hair Loss German Shepherds Other Dogs Notes Allergies Common Common German Shepherds and other breeds can suffer from allergies to food, environmental factors, or flea bites, leading to hair loss. Parasites (e.g., fleas, mites) Common Common German Shepherds and different breeds can be tormented by parasites that cause hair loss, however, top preventive care can mitigate this. Hormonal Imbalances Less common Common Conditions like hypothyroidism can lead to hair loss; German Shepherds are less prone to some hormonal issues than other breeds. Genetics Variable Variable Certain genetic conditions causing hair loss are breed-specific; German … Read more

I couldn’t help but notice that my German Shepherd’s eyes were red. It could indicate redness and inflammation in either one or both eyes, which can arise from various issues, ranging from mild allergies to more severe conditions like glaucoma that could lead to blindness. There may also be a discharge, or the eyes could appear watery, suggesting issues at the eye’s surface or possibly ruptured blood vessels. If I see the eye looking inflamed or with an inflamed eyelid, it’s a clear signal that I must visit the veterinarian. If the redness in my German Shepherd’s eyes persists longer than 24 hours, it points to different possible causes. Red eyes in dogs can be due to simple allergies or severe conditions like glaucoma. These diseases can affect the body in ways that lead to inflammation in the eye. A veterinarian must examine my dog if I notice any redness that lasts longer than 24 hours so they can properly diagnose the problem with its eye. German Shepherds, like all dog breeds, can experience eye redness due to various underlying causes. Pay attention to accompanying symptoms, such as if the dog is scratching at their eyes, squinting, or is in discomfort, indicating that something could irritate the eye Allergies, infections, foreign bodies, or even underlying health issues  It can manifest through the eyes of these typically resilient dogs. To keep away from more excessive complications, including the development of ulcers or long-term vision harm, owners ought to screen their pets intently and make certain that any eye redness is evaluated by an expert who can thoroughly look at them and recommend appropriate treatment. It’s crucial to discern the early signs of abnormality when comparing normal eye appearance to the German shepherd’s red eye condition. Healthy German Shepherd eyes are clear and bright, with white sclera and no excess tearing or discharge. Any variation from this, such as persistent redness, cloudiness, or inflammation, should raise concerns. While occasional, minor redness might not be alarming and could be attributed to external irritants or temporary stress, persistent or intense redness signals a deeper issue. Understanding the difference between a quick reaction and ongoing symptoms is vital to safeguarding the health of a German Shepherd’s eyes and ensuring they maintain their keen vision. German Shepherd puppies can be particularly susceptible to red eyes due to their developing immune systems and exploratory nature. These pups often encounter irritants and allergens that can lead to eye redness. It’s also crucial for young dogs to rule out congenital conditions like cherry eye or entropion, which could contribute to redness and require prompt medical treatment. Puppy owners should ensure their German Shepherd’s eyes are routinely checked as part of their regular veterinary care and take note of any eye-related issues. Early detection and treatment are vital to resolving eye problems and preventing long-term complications that could affect a puppy’s vision. Occasional instances of German shepherd red eyes may not necessarily cause alarm, as these can be due to temporary factors such as minor irritants or environmental stressors. However, when the red eyes are persistent or accompanied by other symptoms like behavioral changes, it could signal an underlying health issue that warrants closer attention. Owners must distinguish between a benign case of red eyes and a potentially more serious condition. Regular monitoring and a swift response to any persistent changes in eye health can prevent more severe outcomes and keep your German Shepherd’s vision sharp and clear. If your dog exhibits these symptoms, you should take them to the vet immediately because they could indicate an emergency or a condition requiring immediate care. When a pet presents with redness in one or both eyes, the owner must visit a veterinarian for a proper diagnosis. Some common causes of red eye in pets include conjunctivitis, allergies, and irritant exposure. However, there are also more severe possibilities that need to be examined. The veterinarian will take a detailed history to determine when the redness began, the progression of the redness, and any associated behaviors indicating that the pet is in pain or irritation. An ophthalmologic exam is crucial for diagnosis. The veterinarian will conduct a complete ophthalmologic exam, which includes examining the conjunctiva, cornea, tear ducts, and retina, as well as the condition of the eyelids. A Schirmer tear test may be performed to assess the pet’s tear production, which can reveal if dry-eye syndrome (KCS) is present. During this test, a paper strip is located within the lower eyelid, and the quantity of tear absorbed through the paper strips is measured on a scale. Another procedure is tonometry, a device used to measure the eye’s internal pressure to screen for glaucoma by detecting abnormal eye globe pressure. For this, the eye’s surface is numbed, and a tonometer pen or a plastic ball gently bounces off the eye and measures the pressure. Measurements below or above average can be indicative of problems. The veterinarian’s diagnosis of the underlying cause will determine the course of treatment for red eyes in dogs. Here are some common treatment approaches: After initiating treatment for red eye, ensuring that the pet follows a proper post-treatment regimen to facilitate healing is crucial. Topical medications, such as eye drops or ointment, must be applied per the veterinarian’s instructions—often, this means multiple times a day. Oral medications should be administered according to the prescribed schedule. To ensure the pet doesn’t interfere with their treatment, they may need to wear an Elizabethan collar, commonly called an “e-collar” or “cone,” to prevent them from rubbing their eye. Follow-up appointments are essential for continued eye examinations. These weekly checks allow the veterinarian to evaluate the pet’s response to the treatment and make any necessary adjustments. Treating red eyes in dogs can be expensive, especially if surgery or long-term medication is required. To protect your dog from an unexpected accident or emergency and to ensure they receive the care they need, it’s worth searching for pet insurance. Wag! ‘s pet insurance comparison … Read more

As the owner of a German Shepherd, noticing the black pigmentation on my dog’s gums initially caught me off guard. Typically, German Shepherd’s Gums’ black spots or patches are genetically determined and familiar within the breed. While bubblegum pink is often considered the norm for dog gums, German Shepherds, among several other breeds, may have black gums or black spots as a part of their natural pigmentation. However, any changes in my German Shepherd’s gums’ black color would prompt me to consider potential health issues. If the black on their gums spreads or changes shape, or if I notice atypical colors, it’s a sign to schedule a vet visit. My vet reassured me that consistent black coloring is usually regular, but any significant alterations in gum color, especially if accompanied by other symptoms, warrant a professional evaluation.  Pet owners must monitor their German Shepherd’s gums regularly, understanding that, while they are typically average, staying alert to changes is critical to ensuring their fur companion’s health. Dogs Have Natural Differences In Gum Coloration Just as humans have varying skin tones, dogs’ gums can also reflect a mixture of colors depending on their breed and individual genetic makeup. German Shepherds, for example, often display a range of gum colors, including pink, black, or a mottled combination of both. This variation can be even more pronounced in mixed-breed dogs, where genetic contributions from different breeds create a unique mosaic of features in their appearance, including the coloration of their gums.  It’s essential to recognize that these natural differences are typically harmless and should be celebrated as part of what makes each dog distinctive. Pink Gums Are The Default While the ‘bubble gum pink’ or ‘cooked shrimp pink’ color of gums is widely accepted as a hallmark of health in dogs, similar to how rosy gums are perceived in humans, it is not the only indicator of a pet’s well-being. The average owner might associate the pink hue with good oral health, instinctively comparing it to the expected gum state in people. However, animals have a broader spectrum of what’s expected, and an astute pet parent should understand that a healthy dog’s gums can vary in color. Observers should resist the urge to worry unnecessarily about non-pink gum tones if the dog shows no other signs of distress or illness. Dogs with black gums or partially black gums Certain dog breeds are especially renowned for their black gums—a trait consistently passed down through selective breeding. Breeds like the Chow Chow, notable for its blue-black tongue, also exhibit black gums, often considered a distinct breed trait. While German Shepherds commonly have pink gums with black patches, some may have more pronounced black coloring due to genetic variations. Dogs with black gums or partially black gums This variation bears no relation to the color of their fur, which can range from classic black and tan to entirely black or even white. It’s important to note that a German Shepherd with pink gums would not be disqualified from dog shows, as this trait, while not as common, falls within the healthy spectrum. Conversely, certain breeds may be disqualified if they lack the gum pigmentation considered an essential part of their breed standard. Just as the pigmentation in fur can manifest in various shades and patterns, so too can the coloration of gums vary from partially to entirely black, reflecting the diversity and complexity of canine genetics. Black On The Gums Is Simply Coloration The presentation of black spots on the gums of humans can somewhat be likened to the occurrence of freckles and moles on the skin, which are natural manifestations of melanin concentration. These spots are generally benign and more noticeable in individuals with lighter skin. Similarly, our canine counterparts, particularly dogs like German Shepherds, have gums that may be entirely black or speckled with black. Dogs’ gums have different colors that usually stay constant but can change significantly in some areas due to health issues, just as humans have unique freckles or moles that may change their lives. In German Shepherds, the black pigmentation in their gums often correlates with the standard coloration found elsewhere on their bodies. Dark-colored points such as a black nose, dark muzzle, or dark ears are an extension of the same pigmentation that causes the black coloration in their gums. Owners need to understand that a German Shepherd’s exact gum color isn’t expected to change drastically during their lifetime and that the pigment is as predictable and regular as the breed’s traditional dark ears or muzzle. Signs of Unhealthy Dog Gums Regularly checking your pet’s gum health ensures they live a longer, happier, and healthier life. Here is a list of signs that could indicate a problem with your dog’s oral health: Should you notice any of these concerns or other changes in your dog’s mouth, contact your veterinarian to schedule a thorough physical examination. Early detection of oral issues can make a significant difference in the outcome of your pet’s health. How to Examine Your Dog’s Gum Color To thoroughly examine your dog’s gum color, gently use your fingers. Start by lifting the upper lip to reveal the gums above the top row of teeth, and then pull down the lower lip to inspect the gums below the bottom teeth. As you do this, take note of the gum’s color and texture. Allow your fingers to feel the gums; they should be moist and not excessively hard or rough in texture. Next, gently press on a pink portion of the gum with your finger. If healthy, the area should turn white briefly due to the pressure but then return to its original pink color in less than 2 seconds when you stop pressing. This quick change back to pink is known as capillary refill time (CRT) and is a primary indicator of good blood circulation. If the gums are discolored, tacky to the touch, or if the CRT is greater than 2 seconds, these could be signs of … Read more